Development of an IoT-Based Smart Voting System for University Elections in Maiduguri LGA, Borno State
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Background of the study:
University elections are essential for democratic participation and institutional governance, yet traditional paper-based or manual voting systems are prone to inefficiencies, delays, and security vulnerabilities. In Maiduguri LGA, Borno State, the increasing complexity and scale of university elections necessitate a transition to digital solutions that enhance transparency, accuracy, and efficiency. An IoT-based smart voting system leverages interconnected devices, secure wireless networks, and real-time data processing to facilitate a seamless voting process. Such systems can utilize biometric authentication, RFID, and blockchain technology to ensure voter identification and vote integrity (Ibrahim, 2023). The integration of IoT devices into the voting process allows for real-time monitoring of voter turnout and instant result tabulation, significantly reducing the time required to announce outcomes. In addition, these systems offer robust security measures to prevent fraud, tampering, or unauthorized access, thereby enhancing trust in the electoral process (Adeniyi, 2024). Real-time data transmission and centralized control also provide audit trails that are critical for verifying election results and conducting post-election analyses. Moreover, the convenience of electronic voting can increase voter participation by providing remote voting options and reducing physical barriers to voting. As universities strive to modernize their electoral processes and promote participatory governance, the adoption of an IoT-based smart voting system represents a crucial step forward in achieving transparency and efficiency in campus elections (Udo, 2025).
Statement of the problem:
Traditional voting systems in university elections within Maiduguri LGA are challenged by inefficiencies, lack of transparency, and security vulnerabilities that undermine the democratic process. Manual voting methods are often time-consuming, leading to delays in result announcement, and are susceptible to human error and potential fraud (Ibrahim, 2023). The absence of real-time data monitoring and secure authentication mechanisms further compromises the integrity of the voting process. Additionally, logistical issues such as long queues and limited access to polling stations can deter voter participation, while the lack of a robust audit trail prevents thorough post-election reviews. Financial constraints and resistance to technological change have hindered the adoption of modern electronic voting solutions, leaving the electoral process vulnerable to manipulation and delays (Adeniyi, 2024). Without a smart, IoT-based voting system that ensures secure, efficient, and transparent vote counting, the credibility of university elections remains in question. This not only impacts student trust in governance but also affects the overall legitimacy of university administration. Addressing these challenges through the development of an IoT-based smart voting system is imperative for enhancing electoral transparency, reducing manual errors, and ensuring timely and accurate results (Udo, 2025).
Objectives of the study:
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To design and implement an IoT-based smart voting system with secure voter authentication.
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To assess the system’s effectiveness in reducing voting time and enhancing result accuracy.
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To recommend integration strategies for embedding the system within university electoral processes.
Research questions:
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How effective is the IoT-based system in ensuring secure and efficient voter authentication?
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What improvements in vote counting speed and accuracy are observed after system implementation?
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How can the system be integrated with existing electoral practices to enhance transparency?
Significance of the study:
This study is significant as it proposes a cutting-edge solution to modernize university elections. By integrating IoT technology, the smart voting system can enhance security, reduce operational delays, and improve the transparency and credibility of electoral processes, thereby strengthening democratic governance on campus.
Scope and limitations of the study:
This study is limited to the development and evaluation of an IoT-based smart voting system for university elections in Maiduguri LGA, Borno State. It does not extend to national electoral systems or other regions.
Definitions of terms:
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IoT (Internet of Things): A network of devices that collect and share real-time data.
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Smart Voting System: An electronic voting platform that integrates advanced security and real-time data processing.
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Biometric Authentication: The use of physical characteristics for secure voter identification.
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